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How did colonialism affect indigenous peoples around the world?

Sure! Here are nine different responses to that question:

1. **Cultural Disruption**: Colonialism really messed with indigenous cultures. Their languages, traditions, and ways of life were often suppressed or replaced by the colonizers' customs.

2. **Land Loss**: A huge impact was the loss of land. Indigenous peoples were often forcibly removed from their ancestral lands, which disrupted their connection to the land and their ability to sustain themselves.

3. **Economic Exploitation**: Colonizers exploited indigenous resources and labor. They took valuable resources like minerals and timber, often leaving indigenous communities in poverty.

4. **Health Impacts**: With colonialism came new diseases that indigenous populations had no immunity against. This led to massive declines in their populations and altered their social structures.

5. **Social Displacement**: Colonialism often led to the breakdown of traditional social structures. Families and communities were torn apart, which had long-lasting effects on their societies.

6. **Resistance and Resilience**: Despite the challenges, many indigenous peoples resisted colonial rule. They fought back in various ways, preserving their identities and cultures against overwhelming odds.

7. **Legal Marginalization**: After colonization, many indigenous peoples faced legal systems that didn’t recognize their rights. This often meant they had no say in decisions about their land and resources.

8. **Forced Assimilation**: In many places, colonizers tried to assimilate indigenous peoples into their own cultures, often through education systems that aimed to erase indigenous identities.